OAuth 2.0 flows: user clicks 'Login with Google' → Google asks 'allow X to access your email?' → user approves → Google issues a token to app X → app X uses token to call Google APIs on user's behalf.
Key concepts: access token (short-lived, ~1 hour), refresh token (long-lived, used to get new access tokens), scope (what permissions the token grants), client ID + secret (your app's identity).
For Indian SaaS, OAuth handles: Google Calendar integration, Gmail send-as, Facebook Business Manager access, WhatsApp Business signup, Razorpay account connect. Most modern integrations use OAuth.